Maximum demand and diversity factor

MAXIMUM DEMAND 

                                                          Largest current consume equipment in that network is called maximum demand.Example-loads are 10kw,45kw,70kw,14kw,7kw and 6kw in this network 70kw is maximum demand

AVERAGE LOAD

                                             The ratio between Sum of connected load to the network and number of loads connected to the system..Example-loads are 10kw,45kw,70kw,14kw,7kw and 6kw in this network (10+45+70+14+7+6) /6=25.33kw

DEMAND FACTOR

                                                      The ratio between maximum demand of the system and total load connected on the system.Example-M.D=70KW,TOTAL LOAD=153KW so 70/153=0.457.demand factor is mostly less the one (D.F<1)

DIVERSITY FACTOR

                                                        The ratio between sum of individual maximum demand and maximum demand on power system.It will be maintained more then one (>1).Example-M.D=70 kw,individual maximum demands =152 .so 152 / 70=2.17.

LOAD FACTOR

                                          The ratio between average load and maximum demand during a given period,its used to determine the overall cost per unit generation.Example-we take one motor have name plate 20 hp but not consumed all ways 20hp we take 17hp so now 17/20=85%.

Logic gates and type's

LOGIC GATES AND TYPES 

                                          Gates are made by semiconductor`Gates are have three more types.They are AND,OR,NOT,NOR,NAND EXT,Then AND,OR & NOT gates are univercell gates because of we made any of outputs of these three gates .

 

GATES 

                   What's a inside of gates and how its made by gate let we see.GATES are consist of diodes.Diodes are have two terminals anode and cathode,mostly its working in forward direction and lets see diagram.

 This one is OR gate inside diagram its consist of two diodes if you give any of terminal positive supply you got output other wise not yet then one more information if you give any one terminals positive supply  got output otherwise if you give two terminal positive got much outputs.

A          B          Y           '+V '        

0           0          0              0 volts

1           0           1             5 volts

0           1           1              5 volts

1            1           1            10 volts

  

A&B-INPUTS

Y     - OUTPUT

V     - VOLTAGE FROM OUTPUT

1- +5 Volts 

0- 0 Volts

AND  GATE

In above diagram is AND gates inside consist diagram its have two diodes in their two terminals but have reverse direction so you give negative supply then only its works.

DIODES

                       Diodes is semiconductor devices its have two terminals anode(A) and cathode(k) its working in only for forward direction and working in negative direction also but after breakdown voltage.

APPLICATIONS OF GATES 

                                                                          Program logic control(PLC) is consist of logic gate then using programs to control the real time machines,like a motor,big machines and welding machines ext.

Star delta starters control diagrams

star delta starter control diagram;

Dol starters

 DOL STARTER 

                                         DOL starter means direct online starter .Online means people are thing about social networks yes like that only because switch on power supply then motor will going to run position so we going to see how is this working and its control diagram step by step

NOTE ;

NC- Normally closed 

NO-Normally open

K-Contactor

OLR-Over load relay

H&A-hand off auto

                         in above mentioned are basics of control panel terms so note it then generally motor start and stop button need so see below

           then need for coil thats main coil to on the motor in run position so am add coil and one NO in paralleled to start button then only main coil getting supply continually so motor run now see below diagram 

                 Generalley dol starter need OLR so we going to add that one for good product of motor see below diagram 

            then we need to run motor hand and auto,so modification will be show in below how to make hand and auto of dol starter the some fire interference terminal also provided .

after that we need for indication for run and trip those are the thing add in below drawing

this one is final diagram for dol starter simple method 

Control panel basic

control panel basics ;

                                                    1.common power supply

                                                    2.Relay basic NO NC

                                                    3.switch on motor by using relay

                                                    4.switch on motor by using relay, contactor,timer

common power supply;

This one is common power supply for ATS and any of two power system application areas we utilized.

Then how its working just see if we going to do main and gen supply system so need control power supply that one is need uninterrupted power then only need common supply concept lets we go and see ....

A.power supply 2 on position 

B.power supply 1 on position

power supply 2 ON position;

Now power supply 2 is switched on so we got power from common supply terminals then note now relay is off position that why NC are in their position so we getting power for send source.

power supply 1 on position ;

Now power supply 1 is switched on so we got power from common supply terminals then note now relay is ON position that why NC are not in their position,NO are connected common terminal so we getting power for send source.

Relay basic NO & NC;

Generally relay have three important terminals NO,NC &COM then coil supply terminals first we giving supply check auxiliary supply voltage mostly 230V,110V ,24V AC or DC.

lets see above diagram relay OFF position and ON position,at time of OFF  position NC connect to common then ON position NO connect to common this is simple methods of relay basic.

switch 'on' motor by using Relay;

RELAY OFF POSITION DIAGRAM

RELAY ON POSITION DIAGRAM

 As per the relay basic in supply available NC will go for NO then NO goes to NC with common terminals so motor getting supply for at time.we show that two position of motor and relay.

switch 'on'motor by using relay, contactor and timer;

SWITCH ON MOTOR BY USING RELAY, CONTACTOR 

SWITCH ON MOTOR BY USING RELAY,CONTACTOR &TIMER;

New electric bike project 2016

                     NEW ELECTRIC BIKE PROJECT 2016

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A novel power scrambler FOR IMPROVING FUEL EFFICIENCY.

Abstract

To meet the challenges of constantly rising fuel supplies, a new power scrambler with high efficiency is designed by increasing the kilometre range. In all kind of bikes, mechanical energy is produced in the front wheel during roving. In this paper, a technique is proposed to utilize the mechanical energy by using an alternator for conversion. Alternator is placed in the front wheel of power scrambler which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. Various power electronics circuits are intended, to utilize the produced energy for charging the battery in the power scrambler. This helps in increase the efficiency of the power scrambler. For instance if 10:1:5 is the kilometre ratio of the electric bike, with the use of the alternator, the kilometre will be decreased by the ratio 10:1. But subsequent to its connection to the charging system, the kilometre is increased by the ratio 10:5. The main objective of this paper is to increase the usage of the electric bike, since this will reduce the usage of the extinct fuels.

Keywords: Power scrambler (electric bike), BLDC motor, DC-DC boost converter, Lead-acid battery.

INTRODUCTION

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF OUR PROJECT

In this block diagram, there are two blocks one is the existing system, which is already in the e-bike and another one is the new system, which we are implementing in the new power scrambler. In the existing system, battery is charged by using the wall-charger. Then the control unit is provided to control the overcharging of the battery and to separate the supply for head light and indicator light and also used to convert the DC to 3 phase AC for providing supply to the BLDC motor in the back wheel of e-bike. In our project, we are placing the alternator in the front wheel, it will convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy.

PROJECT DESINGNING REQUIREMENTS

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

This is the DC-DC boost converter circuit used in our project, for boosting up the output voltage of the alternator. We are getting the 12 voltage output from the alternator. This voltage is not sufficient for charging the batterybecause the charging voltage of the battery is 48v. So the circuit is used in our project.

 Normally, the process of DC-DC boost converter consists of three stages. First by using the inverter we are converting DCinto AC. Next the AC is boosted up to the required voltage and finally AC is converted into DC by using the rectifier. Here, 7812 and 7805 are the two regulating IC’s used for providing the supply to the switching regulator. IR 2112 is the switching regulator and PIC 16F877 is the microcontroller respectively.PIC 16F877 is used to generate the pulse for IR 2112. By using this pulse, IR 2112 will switch the MOSFET fast. Due to this, the DC is converted into AC. Then the inductor is used to boosting up the AC voltage. After that, by using the rectifier circuit, we are converting into DC.

                                   

ALTERNATOR

                             

In the front wheel of the e-bike, BLDC motor was used as an alternator in this project. Because the motor was used in all type of e-bikes in the back wheel. The field of an alternator is permanent magnet. So it does not need supply but it will produce emf(electro motive force) and also the motor will be compact in size for placing in front wheel.

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

In all kind of bikes, mechanical energy is produced in the front wheel during the travelling time but it is not utilised. In our project, we are placing the alternator in the front wheel. An alternator will convert mechanical energy in to electrical energy. From that alternator, we are obtaining the output voltage varying from 0-30v. for our convenience, we are making the voltage constant of 12v by using the zener diode. But the 12v is not sufficient to charge the battery. So, we are using the DC-DC boost converter circuit for boosting up the voltage up to 48v for charging the battery.

GRAPH

BATTERY

We are using the 48v sealed lead acid battery. Here, it will be separated in to four 12v batteries because for our size of convenience. Then the four 12v batteries are connected in series.

CONCLUSION

 We are already having the high speed and high load capacity electric bike in the market. E-bike is the pollution free bike but it is not efficiently used due to many reasons. One of the main reason is the lack of kilometre range. So we are improving its efficiency. In near future, fuel may become extinct. So the fuel bikes are not used. At that time an alter method will be needed, so this will be helpful at that time.

REFERENCES

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